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Mandatory and Directory Statutes: What does “shall” really mean?

The Chicago Picasso in Daley Plaza, copyright 2023 Harshman Ponist Smith & Rayl Lawyers and others often say that “may” is permissive and “shall” is mandatory.  By that, they mean that when a statute says a person “may” do something, that person has the discretion to do it or not,…

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