Limited Liability Companies

Anonymous LLCs: A Guide to Understanding Their Benefits and Drawbacks

September 10, 2024 | Michael R. Smith

What is an Anonymous LLC?

suspicious-young-man-peeking-and-looking-at-camera-through-blinds-mistrust-concept-1124692168_726x484-300x200 An anonymous LLC (limited liability company) is a type of business structure in which the public has no access to the owners’ identities. This means that the names of the members (owners) and managers (if any) of the LLC are not listed on records that are available to the public.

Even though the members and managers are anonymous to the public, they are not anonymous to certain government agencies or to law enforcement. For example, the LLC’s tax returns filed with the IRS and other tax authorities list the names of its members. In addition, a new report that became mandatory this year for most LLCs, called a Business Ownership Information Report, discloses the names of most members and managers to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network or FinCEN.

New Federal Reporting Requirement for Business Entities

August 29, 2024 | Michael R. Smith

suspicious-young-man-peeking-and-looking-at-camera-through-blinds-mistrust-concept-1124692168_726x484-300x200 You may have heard of a new reporting requirement that took effect on January 1, 2024, under the federal Corporate Transparency Act (or CTA). The report is called a Business Ownership Information Report (or BOIR). Most limited liability companies (LLCs), corporations, and other types of business entities are now required file a report with the Financial Crimes Information Center (or FinCEN) disclosing the names of the people who, directly or indirectly, own or control the business entity. A wealth of information regarding the CTA and BOIRs is available at the BOIR home page at https://www.FinCEN.gov/boi; the Small Entity Compliance Guide at https://www.FinCEN.gov/boi/small-entity-compliance-guide; and the list of frequently asked questions at https://www.FinCEN.gov/boi-faqs#A_1. Some basic information is provided below.

What is the purpose of the CTA?

The purpose of the Corporate Transparency Act, passed by Congress in 2021 on a bipartisan basis, is to make it harder for bad actors to hide or benefit from their ill-gotten gains through shell companies or other opaque ownership structures. The BOIR provides law enforcement with information that may not otherwise be readily available to them.

New Indiana Statute Regarding Single-Member LLCs

May 12, 2024 | Michael R. Smith

Form of Inventory of Probate Assets On March 13, 2024, the Indiana Governor signed Senate Enrolled Act 18, which, among other things, amends the Indiana Business Flexibility Act with the goal of addressing problems that can arise from the death of the sole member of a limited liability company. The following article is based on our analysis and understanding of SEA 18, particularly Sections 2 and 3.

Basic LLC Principles: Interest versus Membership

Understanding SEA 18 requires an understanding of the difference between LLC interest and membership.

What to Do with an LLC with No Members

March 5, 2023 | Michael R. Smith

Generally, an Indiana limited liability company that has no members is dissolved. Ind. Code § 23-18-9-1.1(c). (For an interesting case from Alabama involving the dissolution of an LLC for lack of members, see our Indiana Law Blog article, Family Businesses: Succession Planning for LLCs.) Although that provision is in the chapter entitled “Voluntary Dissolution,” it is really not voluntary at all. It is really a statutory dissolution that occurs automatically, and it can be triggered by several different events that result in the dissociation of a sole, or last remaining, member.

There are, however, two exceptions to the statutory dissolution of an LLC with no members. First, the LLC will not be dissolved if the operating agreement provides specifically for the admission of a member after the dissociation of a sole or last remaining member, and a member is actually admitted under that provision within 90 days of the first date the LLC had no members. In our experience, very few operating agreements contain such a provision.

The second exception applies if the reason the LLC has no members is the death of the sole or last remaining member. In that case, the LLC is not dissolved if the operating agreement provides for the member’s personal representative, or the personal representative’s designee, to be admitted as a member and that person is admitted within 90 days of the member’s death. See Ind. Code 23-18-6-5(a)(4). Again, it is safe to say that few operating agreements have such provisions. Moreover, even if one exists, there is a significant possibility that no member will be appointed before the 90 day window closes.

LLC Membership and Interest

July 6, 2020 | Michael R. Smith

The limited liability company is a relatively new form of business entity, with most state statutes adopted in the 1990s. In just a few years, they overtook the corporation as the most common structure for new businesses. A reason for the LLC’s popularity is that the it combines some of the most desirable aspects of corporations with some of the most desirable aspects of partnerships, but that blending of characteristics can also be a source of confusion. For example, LLCs work much like partnerships when it comes to ownership rights, but people often incorrectly assume ownership that LLC interest is analogous to corporate stock and that LLC membership is analogous to being a corporate shareholder.

The owners of corporations are called shareholders and their ownership rights are embodied in shares of stock, a form of intangible personal property comprising a bundle of rights, some economic and some non-economic. The principal economic right is the right to receive dividends (usually cash) from the corporation, and the principal non-economic right is the right to vote in an election of directors and other matters that may be submitted to a vote of the shareholders. Although there can be restrictions (typically set out in the company’s articles of incorporation or bylaws, or a contract among shareholders or between a shareholder and the corporation), stock is generally transferable from one person to another. A person who acquires stock (thus becoming a shareholder) receives both sets of rights, economic (dividends) and non-economic (voting). It makes no difference how the person acquires the stock –by purchase, by gift, by inheritance, as compensation to an employee, or by court order (in a divorce or otherwise); a person who owns stock holds both economic and non-economic rights.

Limited liability companies also have economic and non-economic rights. The principal economic right is the right to receive distributions (usually cash) from the company, and the principal non-economic right is the right to participate in the management of the company’s business and affairs. A crucial distinction between LLCs and corporations is that the economic and non-economic rights associated with LLCs are not bundled together in a single package the way those rights in a corporation are bundled together in stock.

Veil Piercing: Plaintiff Left With No Recourse, and That’s Okay

November 25, 2018 | Michael R. Smith

Suppose you sue a corporation or a limited liability company and win, but the defendant has no money to pay your award and no other assets you can execute against. Is that a factor that justifies piercing the veil to make the owners of the company pay your award? The Indiana Court of Appeals answered that question, and a couple of others related to veil piercing, in Country Contractors, Inc. v. A Westside Storage of Indianapolis, Inc.

Country Contractors was incorporated in 1983 as a seller of ready-mix concrete under the name Country Concrete, Inc. In the 1990’s the company expanded its business to include construction work and excavation. Over the years, Country Contractors owned a substantial amount of assets in the form of construction equipment that it leased to other contractors. In 2007 the corporation changed its name to Country Contractors, Inc. and amended its articles of incorporation to better reflect its expanded line of business. Its two shareholders served as the board of directors, but three other people were responsible for running the company from day to day — preparing bids, executing contracts, and supervising the work.

In 2007, Westside engaged Country Contractors to perform excavation and construction services for the price of $235,000. Country Contractors subcontracted much of the work, which began in 2008. The two owners were not involved in the negotiation or execution of the contract, nor did they supervise the work.

Indiana Business Entity Harmonization: Postscript

March 3, 2018 | Michael R. Smith

We previously discussed the Business Entity Harmonization Bill (Senate Enrolled Act 443 or P.L. 118-2017) passed last year by the General Assembly in the following posts:

Part I — an introduction.
Part II — a discussion of IC 23‑0.5, the Uniform Business Organizations Code.

Indiana Business Entity Harmonization: Part IV

January 3, 2018 | Michael R. Smith

[March 3, 2018. The General Assembly amended some of the provisions created the Business Entity Harmonization Bill, as discussed in a Postscript to this series.]

This is the last in four-part series. The first three parts are here: here, here, and here.

This Part IV describes some flaws of Senate Enrolled Act 443 that we ran across while writing the first three parts. We hope the General Assembly will address them, either in the 2018 session or another.

Indiana Business Entity Harmonization: Part III

January 2, 2018 | Michael R. Smith

[March 3, 2018. The General Assembly amended some of the provisions created the Business Entity Harmonization Bill, as discussed in a Postscript to this series.]

This is the third of a four-part series discussing the Business Entity Harmonization Bill passed by the Indiana General Assembly in 2017. The first two parts are here and here.

Senate Enrolled Act 443 creates, effective as of January 1, 2018, a new Article 0.6, the Uniform Business Organization Transactions Code, in Title 23 of the Indiana Code. In previous versions of the statute, provisions dealing with mergers, conversions, and domestications of business corporations, limited liability companies (LLCs), limited partnerships (LPs), limited liability partnerships (LLPs), and nonprofit corporations were scattered across several articles of Title 23. The Uniform Business Organization Transactions Code gathers most of them into one article that, in general, applies at least as broadly as each corresponding provision of the former statute, and in some cases more broadly. In addition, the new article provides for the acquisition of ownership interest (i.e., stock in a corporation or interest in a partnership or LLC) by another entity.

Indiana Business Entity Harmonization: Part II

January 1, 2018 | Michael R. Smith

[March 3, 2018. The General Assembly amended some of the provisions created the Business Entity Harmonization Bill, as discussed in a Postscript to this series.]

This is the second of a four-part series discussing the Business Entity Harmonization Bill passed by the Indiana General Assembly in 2017. An overview of the bill is provided in Part I.

Senate Enrolled Act 443 creates, effective as of January 1, 2018, a new Article 0.5 in Title 23 of the Indiana Code, the Uniform Business Organizations Code, that includes a number of provisions that apply to Indiana business corporations (including professional corporations and benefit corporations, but excluding insurance companies), limited liability companies (LLCs, including series LLCs), limited partnerships (LPs), limited liability partnerships (LLPs), and nonprofit corporations, eliminating a number of inconsistencies between similar provisions for different types of entities. The following discussion is a brief description of some of the more important provisions, drawing attention to new or substantially changed provisions.